Perception of the African American Males

Perception of the African American males African Americans males are considered dangerous based on a false identity, misconceptions, and misinformation that are available in the media; this includes but is not limited to rap music, news, and TV shows. This misconception can be traced as far back as slavery. The perception of blacks’ males as being dangerous began when the slave came to America on 1619. Due to the situation of being treated as property, to be freely bought and sold, and that the owner was free to split up a couple or family at any time simply by selling some of his/her slaves. African slaves started to behave in a hostile manner. Because of their behavior the Caucasians immediately started to classify the slaves as being dangerous, and they need to be tame as if they were wild animals. This lead the slave masters to start putting chain and walking around with their rifles when they would be in the fields with them. As it was stated in ‘The Brut Caricature†, it portrays black men as innately savage, animalistic, destructive, and criminal; deserving punishment, and maybe death. Due to the negative influence and portrayals of African Americans males, these individuals are often misguided. The nature vs. nurture theory comes into play. I. e. Low income black males are predisposed to innate qualities, while behavioral traits are learned i. e. through the media. â€Å"Get Rich or Die Trying† is the mentality of most African American males with the help of the media. Most males see themselves as rap stars, sports stars, and or comedians. There is limited exposure of African American as doctors or lawyers at an early age its learned that their chance of success in life is limited. The men in the low income communities have the tendencies of wanting to become like the â€Å"white man†. The main problem is that they portray the idea of â€Å"get rich quick†. These perceptions cause them to turn into drugs, and from there into violence and crimes. According to a 2006 National Urban League report a third of black males will spend time in prison before their 35th birthday. This fact could be because of the high school dropouts and the poor understanding they get from society. Yes, I said the poor understanding from society, because black men are one of the least understood groups in our country. People don't look at the conditions that cause a lot of black men to be in the situations they're in today, they just look at the results. † According to my findings, among men, blacks (28. 5%) are about six times more likely than whites (4. 4%) to be admitted to prison during their life. I also noted that there are more black males in prison in America than are in college. (The Black and White of Justice, Freedom Magazine). Volume 28. Another consequence for African Americans it’s that the â€Å"monster† image given by the Caucasian people are carry by the poor African American people. According to Stallworth (early 1990’s) young black males continue to follow patterns of slavery times. Many fulfill white America’s image of them legitimately by becoming successful gangster rappers, others fulfill these image illegitimately by becoming â€Å"bad niggers† Rappers, therefore reinforce the popular belief that as â€Å"bad ass niggers† young black can achieve fame, recognition, and sense of being (somebody). If they lose, however, they can face a long stay in our jails and prisons or even bodily injury and death. Which it’s happening now days. Media and the African American Males According to the book ‘Black Demons’ there is a â€Å"black pathology† a fundamental weakness in African American families that can be traced to their experiences as slaves. The news media, for example, have taken the lead in equating young African American males with aggressiveness, lawlessness, and violence. Likewise, the entertainment media have eagerly taken their cue from the journalists, and these false images not only affect race relationship but also create a self felling prophecy for African American youngsters, whose limits of achievement can be determined for them by suggestions in the media. A common stereotype about African American men is that they are engage in drug abuse a disproportionate way which it’s not true because according to statistics from the US department of Health and Human services that although eight percent of African American males cocaine, eleven percent of whites have use the same drug. This is, however, not the impression that we get from watching the evening local news or even an episode of television program COPS. Blacks Stereotyped of Being Intellectually Inferior and Criminals. Another common negative stereotype, establishes the African American male as intellectually inferior. Studies directed by psychologist Claude Stale, indicate that African American teenagers are aware that they are stigmatized as being intellectually inferior and the go to school bearing what psychologist Claude has called a â€Å"burden of suspicion† Such burden can affect their attitudes and achievements. These shadows hang over stigmatized people no matter their status or accomplishments. These stigmas have the potential to roll them of their individually and debilitate their attempts to break out of the stereotypical roles. Blacks are the repository for the American fear of crime. Ask anyone, of any race, to picture a criminal and the image will have a black face. The linked between blackness and criminality it’s routinized by terms such a â€Å"black-on-black crimes† or â€Å"black crimes†. I also have to mention the ‘black brute stereotype arise in the early 1870’s. Such stereotype is one of the pictures white Americans have in their heads about black men: as savage, violent amazingly strong and not caring about right and wrong. Even today according to my findings , blacks are three times more likely to be physically threatened, harmed or killed because if their race than whites. So this idea of whites as peaceful and blacks ad threatening to white is not rooted in fact. It is rooted in something else. Yes, there are black men who are violent and savage, who do unspeakable things. But there are white men like that too. In either case they are hardly common enough to reasonably determine one’s ideas about the ordinary people of their race. Rap Music and its influence in African American males Rap music celebrates vulgarity. Indeed, it markets vulgarity; that is its product. It is the vulgar excesses of rap-the profanity, the over-sized jewelry, the naked acquisitiveness, the sexual aggressiveness-that are its hallmarks. New media attention on rap music seems obsessed on instances of violence at rap concerts, rap producers’ illegal use of musical samples, gangster raps’ lurid fanatics of cop killing, and female dismemberment, and Black Nationalist rappers suggestions that white peoples are devils disciples. It seems that rappers to notice the influence they have in people mostly African American people, and by say this type of things they send an incorrect message to their fanatics and other people in general. In most of the songs you can find a high level of aggravated language, images, and high crimes scenarios. . According to the authors of these songs, they just make it for the entertainment of their fans without thinking of the image they are given of their people and themselves. One question and many answers from our society I took the duty to find out the perception that common US citizens have towards African American males, by submitting a question on (answersyahoo. com) people from all around our country answered to my question. The following are the answers to my survey. †¢ People poisonous stereotypes the black males with the â€Å"5 Ds†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dumb, deprived, dangerous, deviant, and disturbed†. †¢ Lazy & uneducated †¢ Drug dealers †¢ Poor †¢ Hate other races †¢ They are dirty †¢ Loud, obnoxious, rude My Opinion For these reasons and many other African American males are consider dangerous for our society. But stop and think for a minute, are they all really dangerous or this is only a big misunderstanding? Can we judge them all as a whole, or there are some of them that can be excluded of being stereotyped as â€Å"dangerous†, â€Å"criminal†, etc? In my opinion we cannot judged them all as a whole and we should also try to understand the reasons behind their actions. We have to learn how to be open minded and see things from different perspectives. We also have to realize that not everything that we see and listen in the media is always the truth, there is always a second part of a story and most of the time we fail to look for that second part. African American behavior has been shaped by us (society) because of our mistreatment towards them and our racism†¦ I believe if we change the way we look at them and express about them, they will change their behavior and we no longer will have to use the statement of â€Å"dangerous† when referring to a African American male. Conclusion To conclude to this issue in question I just have to say ‘Black or white, God gave us the opportunity to succeed, and regardless of the situation we are dealt, we can all live the life we imagined. After s days of research I can’t say there is a wrong or right theory about African American males because everyone has their own way of thinking and their own opinion. But just to add ‘the world would be shocked to know that the majority of black men make the right choices and build successful families and careers every day in America, yet are rarely discussed in the headlines’. Bibliogaphy

Research Paper about Premarital Sex Essay

This chapter contains the significance of the study, the statement of the problem, the group hypothesis, the scope & limitation, the theoretical framework and definition of terms. The Problem and Its Background Introduction Pre-marital sex is a sexual intercourse engaged by persons who are not married. It is a mortal sin in Christianity for the reason it is against the Law of Moses: Thou shall not commit adultery. In some countries (particularly in Asian countries that practice Christianity), they banned pre-marital sex in order to prevent unwanted pregnancy, prostitution and abortion. The importance of this study is to let the people know the following problems and their answers/reasons behind pre-marital sex. Significance of the Study The research aims to know the causes and effects of pre-marital sex for teens and adults ages 13 to 25 within Paco Area. This study will systematically investigate the nature behind pre-marital sex and the reasons behind it. Read more:  Essay About Causes of Premarital Sex Statement of the Problem The study seeks to answer the following questions: †¢What are the factors that cause pre-marital sex? †¢What are the possible and actual results of pre-marital sex? †¢What influences adults and teens to engage in pre-marital sex? †¢Who influences adults and teens to engage in pre-marital sex? †¢Why do they continuously engage in pre-marital sex with many different partners? †¢What reasonable advice can you give to the people who engage in pre-marital sex? Hypothesis We think that media exposure such as pornography is one of the factors why adults and teens are engaging into these kinds of unhealthy habits. Another factor is alcoholism, the more alcohol involved the higher the  possibility to engage in pre-marital sex because alcohol has often been considered to be a powerful facilitator. Parent’s lack of guidance for their children and bad influence from friends are also one of the main reasons why they engage into pre-marital sex. The usual results in engaging to it includes AIDS, HIVS, unwanted pregnancy, prostitution and repeat of sexual intercourse with others or â€Å"sex addict†. Scope and Limitation This study limits only the ages 13-25 within Paco Area. Theoretical Framework In order for the researchers to fully understand this case study, they adopted the Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura. Social Learning Theory The Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura becomes perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. (Cherry, 2010) Social Learning Theory explains about how environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. It focuses on the learning that occurs within a â€Å"social context†. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. (Abbott, 2007) This theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. (Cherry, 2010) In exploring the greater depth of this theory there are four types of concepts. First, i s people can learn through observations, second is mental states are important to learning, lastly, learning does not necessarily lead to change in behavior. (Bandura, 2007) Behavior can also influence both the environment and the person, this is called reciprocal causation. Each of the three variables: environment, person, behavior influence each other. (Bandura, 2007) This model shows an individual learner is affected by observing the environment, directly or indirectly. According to Bandura, people can learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. But Bandura noted that external, environmental reinforcement was not the only factor to influence learning and behavior. He described intrinsic reinforcement as a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction and sense of accomplishment. This emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. Moreover, while behaviorists believed that learning led to a permanent change in behavior, observational learning demonstrates that people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors. (Cherry, 2010) Self-efficiency means learners self-confidence towards learning. People are more likely to engage in certain behaviors when they believe they are capable of implementing those behaviors successfully, this mean that they have high self-efficacy. (Bandura, 2007) Self-regulation is when the individual has his own ideas about what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior and chooses action accordingly. There are several aspects of self-regulation. (Bandura, 2007) Modeling means doing what others do. There are different types of models. †¢Live model: and actual person demonstrating the behavior. †¢Symbolic model: a person or character portrayed in a medium such as television, videotape, computer programs, or a book. †¢Imitation: An individual uses another person’s behavior as a discriminative stimulus for an imitative response. The observer is then reinforced in some way for display imitation. An individual uses another person’s behavior as a discriminative stimulus for an imitative response. The observer is then reinforced in some way for display imitation. (Bandura, 2007) When your behavior is acceptable it is considered as â€Å"vicarious reinforcement†. When your behavior is unacceptable it is considered as â€Å"vicarious punishment†. (Bandura, 2007) Definition of Terms In order for the researchers to fully understand their study, they have used different terms and definition to be easily understood by the readers. These terms are established while doing the research and some are shared meanings by the participants and from other sources of the study. Abstinence the fact or practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, typically alcohol. Abortion is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before viability. Adultery voluntary sexual relations between an individual who is married and someone who is not the individual’s spouse. Aids a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy. Alcoholism an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency. Casual Sex/Premarital Sex is a sexual activity between two people who are not yet married. Chastity the practice of refraining from extramarital, or especially from all, sexual intercourse. Facilitator one that helps to bring about an outcome by providing indirect or unobtrusive assistance. HIV a condition in humans in which progressive failure of t he immune system allows life- threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Intimacy an intimate act, especially sexual intercourse. Lust very strong sexual desire. Oral Sex sexual activity in which the genitals of one partner are stimulated by the mouth of the other. Pleasure give sexual enjoyment or satisfaction to. Pornography is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. Prostitution the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Reproduction the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process. Sex is the act of having sexual intercourse. Sex Addict is best described as a progressive intimacy disorder characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts. Sexual Intercourse is chiefly the insertion and thrusting of a male’s penis, into a female’s vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction. Taboo is a vehement prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is too sacred for ordinary individuals to undertake, under threat of supernatural punishment.

Internet Working Essay

In this paper the functions and the Structure of the Internet is discussed in detail along with the help of figures and diagram in order to make understand that what the internet really is and how it works . The paper discusses in detail the main functions and parts of Internet and how they work according to their functions and features . the Internet has opened the vistas of knowledge for the world so The world has become a global village where the people live their life on the Internet . It has no boundaries or barriers, It is open to all who have access to Internet using computer . The e-commerce and online business has really facilitated the people now days . They can draw money , deposit money , transfer money and shop nay thing on internet in seconds . furthermore people can also share the information with the people living in various countries in research work the internet has really brought a revolution in the world of Information Technology . Introduction: The internet has been a useful source of information for the public and made things possible which were impossible in the past . Such as emailing has accelerated the process of Mailing and it hardly takes seconds to reach in any part of the world as the Client are connected to Server and the Server connects the clients to world wide web . it is like cob web which keeps connected to all users at the same time . The Internet’s growth has become explosive and it seems impossible to escape the bombardment of www. com’s seen constantly on television, heard on radio, and seen in magazines. Because the Internet has become such a large part of our lives, a good understanding is needed to use this new tool most effectively. This whitepaper explains the underlying infrastructure and technologies that make the Internet work. It does not go into great depth, but covers enough of each area to give a basic understanding of the concepts involved. For any unanswered questions, a list of resources is provided at the end of the paper. Any comments, suggestions, questions, etc. are encouraged and may be directed to the author at the email address given above. The Internet Frame Work: As the Internet is a global network of computers each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique address. Internet addresses are in the form nnn. nnn. nnn. nnn where nun must be a number from 0 – 255. This address is known as an IP address. (IP stands for Internet Protocol; more on this later. ) The picture below illustrates two computers connected to the Internet; your computer with IP address 1. 2. 3. 4 and another computer with IP address 5. 6. 7. 8. The Internet is represented as an abstract object in-between. (As this paper progresses, the Internet portion of Diagram 1 will be explained and redrawn several times as the details of the Internet are exposed. )

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Global Warming - Essay Example The earth seems to be warming courtesy of the greenhouse effect. According to research by scientists, it has been stipulated that the temperature could rise by about 2 degrees Celsius in the coming twenty years. This change in the temperatures could result in disastrous effects for the environment inevitably making it inevitable. Some of these adverse effects include drought, extinction of species could increase and coastal flooding. In addition, scientists have made a discovery of a hole in the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the only protection of life on Earth from the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Once the ozone layer becomes destroyed, it is expected that life on earth will come to an end as a result of the radiation from the sun. Consequently, earth will be nothing but vast lands of barren rock and devoid of life. The most ordinary theory for global warming is the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is induced by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases are naturally occurring but may, however, come about in excess as a result of industrialization, especially from industries that use fossil fuels such as coal and oil in their operations. Greenhouse gases exist in the atmosphere and have an overall effect on the global weather (Kowalski, 49). They trap radiated heat from existing in the atmosphere. This supposedly increases the global temperature will cause melting of the polar ice caps. This will in turn raise the sea level and cause global coastal flooding.

Human Toxic Chemical Hazard And Risk Assessment Essay

Human Toxic Chemical Hazard And Risk Assessment - Essay Example According to a report produced by Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in 2008, this chemical toxin is the widely studied and researched toxin, because of its toxicological effect on humans (Abash, 113). However, according to Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), fungi produced mycotoxins are harmless and helpful to human body. In addition, according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Aflatoxins are not harmful if only consumed in very minute quantities. This toxic chemical substance is known to cause acute liver damage and liver cancer (Smith, 33). The cumulative effect of this toxic chemical substance is what is known to cause the liver diseases and damage. A major concern about this toxin is that it is heat stable. Thus, once produced on food substances such as vegetables, seeds, legumes and nuts, they remain permanently, since no extreme temperatures can destroy the toxins. Any heating or freezing has no impact on the toxic chemical substance (Huddler, 8). ii. ... Is this an Acute and/or Chronic threat? The chemical poisoning caused by the consumption of food substances invade by this toxin is acute. Is this a Systemic and/or Target Organ Threat? The poisoning caused by this toxin is both target organ and systematic. The intoxication is target organ since it affects the liver, causing its damage and causing other liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, hepatic fibrosis and fatty liver disease (Abash, 125). The intoxication is also systematic since it causes a variety of different cancers on the body, affecting different body parts. The poisoning caused by the toxin can also cause the blockage of small arteries, due to blood clots (Bingham, 591). Most important, the infection is systematic since the intoxication causes the malfunction of the digestion system. This affects the absorption of nutrients by the body, subsequently affecting the stability of the brain and eventually leading to coma and death. What Are The More Likely (Probable) â€⠀œ Additional, Concurrent Chemical Exposures That May Interact With The Selected Chemical? The Aflatoxins have a probability of interacting with the alkaline substances of the human DNA, thus causing gene mutation. What Type of Chemical Interactions May Occur With the Additional, Concurrent Toxic Chemicals? The type of chemical reaction likely to occur is intercalation and alkylation of the DNA molecules. iii. Risk assessment This toxic chemical substance cause harm to consumers on the event that they consume food substances, which has this toxic substance in them. The toxin can contaminate the food substance before harvest and during storage (Smith, 27). The

K6 academic content and ELD standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

K6 academic content and ELD standards - Essay Example Mathematics Lesson Plan 2 Opening: The lesson will start by discussing the previously learnt lesson where the topic of discussion was conversion of percentages to fractions and percentages to decimals. The day's topic of discussion will be simple financial transactions where the students will learn about simple interest, compound interest, hire purchase, commission, discounts, and money exchange rates and about profit and loss. The lesson will start by quickly reviewing the previously learnt lesson where I will display charts with already solved problems of the previously learnt lesson of conversion of percentage to fraction and percentage to decimals. Statement of Objective: At the end of the lesson, the students should be in a position to do simple financial transaction problems like calculating simple and compound interests, discounts, commission, profit and loss and money exchange. The student should also be in a position to apply the knowledge they will acquire in the topic practically, in their day to day activities. Instructions: The lesson will begin by defining terms like interest, commission, discounts, profit and loss. Then a number of problem will be solved in class and handouts with already solved mathematical problems issued to the students. The students will also be allowed to solve some problems in groups. Assessment: To ensure that the students have understood the day's content, they will be required to solve individual problems in class to assess whether the teachers teaching objectives have been achieved. Connection: To ensure that the day's lesson is relevant, I will connect the lesson with what the student learnt in their previous lesson and the lesson they will... With this kind of a lesson plan, I am very sure my teaching objectives will be achieved in teaching Mathematics since the subject involves a lot of practice by students in order for them to understand. topic of discussion was conversion of percentages to fractions and percentages to decimals. The day's topic of discussion will be simple financial transactions where the students will learn about simple interest, compound interest, hire purchase, commission, discounts, and money exchange rates and about profit and loss. The lesson will start by quickly reviewing the previously learnt lesson where I will display charts with already solved problems of the previously learnt lesson of conversion of percentage to fraction and percentage to decimals. discounts, profit and loss. Then a number of problem will be solved in class and handouts with already solved mathematical problems issued to the students. The students will also be allowed to solve some problems in groups. My teaching objectives will be achieved in teaching Mathematics to students since for the students to understand the subject, it should be prepared to work more mathematical problems on their own rather than being lectured by the teacher.

Roadkill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roadkill - Essay Example Also, those places which are set reserved for tourism get bad scenic impact when tourists see dead animals on roads. There are two very important mitigation measures that must be taken to prevent road kill. One is bringing positive change to vehicle owner’s behavior, and second is changing animal behavior. Vehicle owner’s behavior can be changed by informing drivers about the consequences of road kill and spreading awareness in the society through seminars and media. Such places should be supported with road signs, proper signals and speed bumps where wildlife loiters on roads frequently. Roads may be colored so light that animals are more visible, and may also be protected with fences. Animal behavior can be changed by discouraging them to loiter on roads which can be done by removing their food resources from nearby the roads. There should be guards standing on frequent intervals on roads to move wandering animals

Post-colonial literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Post-colonial literature - Essay Example He grew up in Leeds, England, and read English at Queen's College, Oxford. He is the author of six novels, several books of non-fiction and has written for film, theatre, radio and television. Much of his writing - both fiction and non-fiction - has focused on the legacy of the Atlantic slave trade and its consequences for the African Diaspora. John Maxwell Coetzee, 1940, South African novelist, b. John Michael Coetzee. Educated at the Univ. of Cape Town (M.A. 1963) and the Univ. of Texas (Ph.D. 1969), he taught in the United States and returned home (1983) to become a professor of English literature at Cape Town. He immigrated to Australia in 2002. Several of Coetzee's novels are noted for their eloquent protest against political and social conditions in South Africa, particularly the suffering caused by imperialism, apartheid, and postapartheid violence. His books are also known for their technical virtuosity. Crossing the river has to do with black people fighting for their freedom. It has to do with slavery and the differences between black and white. That is what the book is about of course only the writer creates different situations in each separate story, which makes it more interesting to read, but it also shows the different aspects of 'crossing the river'. In the introduction to the story the so-called 'father' tells the reader about how he sold his three children: Nash, Martha and Travis. (A desperate foolishness. The crops failed. I sold my children.). This statement of the writer has a confusing meaning. Question would arise who is taking Why does someone do such a thing To others it is not acceptable but the explanation of the person delivering this statement can be understood as we go along with this literature. The first story is titled 'The Pagan Coast'. The story is about Nash. Nash Williams is a very loyal slave. His master is Edward Williams and he is a very generous master. Edward Williams, too, is guilt-ridden. At age 29, he inherits his father's estate, including 300 slaves. Concerned to still his conscience, Williams educates them and trains the best and brightest to become missionaries. He also displays an "excess of affection" for his young male slaves, especially to Nash Williams who calls Edward "Father," signing let ters from Liberia, "Your son." (J. Griffin). He made it possible for all his slaves to get an education. There are some slaves who are complaining of for the unfair treatment to them by Williams. This is the reason that most slaves wanted to break free and 'cross the river' is that they were treated so terribly. With Nash it was different. He was treated very well,

The Killing of Osama Bin Laden by United States Forces Dissertation

The Killing of Osama Bin Laden by United States Forces - Dissertation Example Only the courts have the right to sentence a criminal or the erring to death or imprisonment. On 2 May 2011 Osama Bin Laden was killed. President Barack Obama’s 2 May 2011 account of the circumstance of the killing is this: â€Å"†¦We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al Qaeda --- an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe. And so we went to war against al Qaeda to protect our citizens, our friends, and our allies†¦.I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of war against al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat his network†¦.Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. A small team of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability. No Americans were harmed. They took care to avoid civilian casualties. After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body.† British Broadcasting Company’s documentation of President Barack Obama’s 2 May 2011 statement on Osama bin Laden’s death corroborated the version posted in the official webpage of the White House. The British Broadcasting Company’s documentation of Obama’s 2 May statement reflected that President Barack Obama said that Osama bin Laden was killed AFTER and NOT DURING A FIREFIGHT. The 2 May 2011 press briefing provided by the US President Office of the Press Secretary via conference call described the Obama killing in this manner: â€Å"Bin Laden was a sworn enemy of the United State

Social Media Campaign (350 Points) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Media Campaign (350 Points) - Essay Example The analysis of the Starbucks Company in the advertising World will be based on media planning, media buying and interactive marketing section of the Austin’s advertising website (University of Texas, 2015). The Starbucks Company has a media planner whose role is to determine the best advertising options for the company’s coffee brand. These options can be traditional like the use of newspapers or the modern methods that entail the use of facebook and twitter handles. The determination on which method of advertising to choose from depends on the seasons as depicted in sales. Mobile (social media), print, broadcast, outdoor, public service, product placement and online advertisement are used by planners. This is used as communication tools between the planners and the clients that they represent. The media platforms are also used for advertisement campaigns (University of Texas, 2015). The media buyers, who are the clients’ deal breakers, normally reach the clients through social media among other means. This facilitates easy, efficient and effective communication as they make suitable deals for their clients. They advise the customers on the best products to buy through providing information on the available products and their prices. Most of the skilled buyer’s time is normally spent on advertising Starbucks’ products where they get some commission upon selling a particular product. However, for sales to get to the negotiation point, the advertisement must have been fully done through the social media and other avenues including websites. The online advertising campaigns are normally marketed as per the market dynamics, thus need for the buyer to be fully aware of the local market. The media buyer role is to negotiate the best placement of Starbucks’ brand on online advertisement (including social media), local TV, outdoor or radio ad vertisement of their brand (University of Texas, 2015). Twitter,

Performance Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Performance Management - Assignment Example Job description is a statement of the overall purpose and scope of a job together with its details of a task and duties. It is a written statement of what the employee does how he does it and what the job working conditions are. In general, a job description sets out the purpose of the job where it fits into the organization structure, the context in which the job holds a function and the principles of the job accountability of the jobholder. The content includes Job identification, job summary, responsibilities, standard of performance and job specification (Said & Munap, 2010). The retail staff shall achieve optimum sales profitability, business growth and accounts penetration within a market segment or territory by selling the products of the retail shop effectively. The retail sale staff shall secure as well as contact customers and new business accounts in the market. The organizational behaviour management (OBM) involves the application of the science of human behaviour. OBM relates to the behaviour of people in a workplace, in addition, OBM is guided by a theory of human behaviour that is emphasised on identification and modification of environmental factors that affect employees performance. OBM is anchored in the work of B.F Skinner who postulated that an employee’s behaviour is inferred by his needs. In that, an employee may perform poorly in work because of poor job satisfaction or reduced rewards when he makes much profit to a company. Therefore, the OBM process identifies behaviours related to performance, study their instances and occurrences, identifies the major triggers, come up with interventions strategy, applies the postulated strategy and maintains the optimal performance through appropriate rewards to the employees. OBM embraces a three contingency model that is antecedent-behaviour-consequence. An antecedent is the stimulus that precedes behaviour and encourages the practice of that behaviour.

How Internet Has Changed People Essay Example for Free

How Internet Has Changed People Essay The Internet has changed a lot over the year and a lot of people really dont talk to each other anymore instead they talk either on Facebook or another Internet site. With all the things that you can do most families really dont spend any time with each other anymore because everyone is doing something on the Internet. Now a day’s people can log on the Internet where ever they are. Because the internet decreases face to face interaction, makes it easier to retreat into a cyber-world, and vastly polarizes opinions and minimizes basic etiquette, the internet has done much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. About 86 percent of the world population uses the internet on a daily bases. Over the years Internet has decreased face to face interaction quite a bit. Now days if someone want to talk to someone they will just video chat with them over the Internet on apple devices, cell phones, computers, and Xbox. Also when someone wants write someone else they dont get out paper and pen they go on the Internet and email them. Now days it is much easier to retreat into a cyber-world, than it is to retreat in this to in the real world. Social websites like Facebook and twitter have made people a whole lot less social than they were years ago. The average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content every month! Internet has done so much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. Instead of families spend quality time with each other they are all in different rooms on the Internet doing different things. I have noticed over the years that a lot of people have become more depend on the internet that they don’t know what they would do without it. A lot of things for schools are now on the internet like for my math class everything is online and very little on paper. Now days most parents don’t see their kids because they are usually in their room on the internet doing different things like either video chatting, play a game online, or online chat rooms. According to Pewresearch.org â€Å"A new Pew Internet Project report reveals that 93% of teen’s ages 12†17 go online, as do 93% of young adult’s ages 18†29.† Today every teenage has their own TV, computer, and other electronic devices just in their room. A lot of people think that they need their cell phones or their computers and they don’t know what to do when it dies when the power is out. They think that it is the end of the world when either their phone dies or their computer dies when they power is out. Peoples are lost without the internet. Devices that have internet access are addicting and people sometimes don’t know when to stop. The internet has come a long way since it started and now everything is online from banking to emailing and lots of other things. A lot of education is on the internet more and more each year, for example if you need help and don’t know how to do a math problem and you don’t want to leave your house you can just search the internet for an online tutor. 107 trillion emails sent in 2010 and many more since then. People are now dating other people over the internet, instead of meeting each other the old fashion way. With online chat rooms you can talk to someone that is in a whole different country and not even know that. Individuals are becoming less independent on families than they were before. According to SocialMediaToday.com writer Tim Patterson, Facebook has 518 million users. I think that the internet is making people a whole lot less social than they were before the internet started. My family can be so caught up in what we are doing on the internet that forgets that one another are even home. I think that people should spend less time on the internet and more time with their families. According to InternetWorldStats.com in 2010 the United States Internet Users the top 5 states are California (29.8 million users), Texas (17.2 million users), New York (16.1 million users), Florida (14.8 million users), and Illinois (10.2 million users).

Assumptions Of The Heckscher Ohlin Model Economics Essay

Assumptions Of The Heckscher Ohlin Model Economics Essay Introduction Eli Heckscher (1919) and Bertil Ohlin (1933) found the basis for crucial and substantial theoretical developments of international trade by emphasizing the relationships between the composition of countries factor endowments and commodity trade patterns. The Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory is the simplest explanation for why countries involve in trade of goods and services with other countries. Heckscher-Ohlin model, which is the general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade theory, is built on the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage by making prediction on trade patterns and production of goods based on the factor endowments of nations (Learner 1995). Assumptions of the Heckscher- Ohlin Model The following assumptions pertain to the 2*2 model of Heckscher-Ohlin. It is assumed that there are only two nations (1 and 2) with two goods for trade (X and Y) and two factors of production (capital and labour). For producing the goods, both nations use the same technology and they use uniform factors of production. In both countries, good X is labour intensive and Y is capital intensive. The tastes and preferences of both nations are the same (both countries can be represented in the same indifference curve). In both nations, the assumption of constant returns to scale is applicable for the production of goods X and Y. In both nations, specialization in production is not complete. Goods and factor markets in both nations are perfectly competitive. There exists perfect mobility of factors of production within each country though international mobility is not possible. There are no restrictions or limitations to the free flow of international trade. That is, there exist no transportation costs, tariffs, or like other obstructions either to control or to restrict the exports or imports. It is assumed that there exists full employment of all resources in both nations. That is, there will not be any under employed resource in either nation. The exports and imports between the nations are balanced. It means that the total value of the exports will be equal to the total value of imports in both nations. Implications of the Assumptions The assumptions are made in order to depict the theory in a two-dimensional figure. It is also implied that both countries have access to and use the same general production techniques. The labour-capital ratio (L/K) of commodity X is higher than that of Y in both countries with the same relative prices of factors. As constant returns to scale is assumed, increase in the amount of labour and capital will result in the proportionate increase in the output also. Another implication is that though free international trade exists, both of the countries produce both commodities and it can be presumed that both countries are not small in size. As the tastes and preferences related to demand are identical in both countries, if the relative prices of the goods are equal, the consumption of goods X and Y will be in the same proportion in both countries. Likewise, in both countries producers, traders and consumers are too small to affect the commodity prices. Mobility of factors of production implies that capital and labour are free to move from areas or industries of lower prices (earnings) to those of higher prices (earnings) until earnings become same equal in all areas or industries. That is, price equalization theory is implied here. International differences in the earnings exist because of the factor immobility in the absence of international trade. The assumption of incomplete production specialization implies that the process of specialization in production continues until the commodity prices (either relative or absolute) prices are the same in both countries. Again, if the transportation costs, tariffs or any other restriction are allowed, specialization will continue only until price differences by less than or equal to the costs or tariffs. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Heckscher-Ohlin model is generally described as two countries, two goods and two factors model (2x2x2 model). This formulation of HO model was mathematically developed by Paul Samuelson. The goal of the model is to predict the pattern of international trade in commodities between the two countries on the basis of differences in factor endowments in both the countries. Definition: A nation exports the commodities which are produced out of its relatively abundant and cheap factors or resources and imports the commodity which is produced out of relatively scarce factors or resources. In another words, relatively labour abundant country exports relatively labour intensive commodity and imports the relatively capital-intensive commodity. Country 1 exports commodity X because X is the Labor (L) intensive commodity and L is relatively cheap and abundant factor in country 1. Country 2 exports commodity Y because Y is the Capital (K) intensive commodity and K is relatively cheap and abundant factor in country 2. The theory implicates two things: first, different supply conditions in terms of resource endowments explain comparative advantage and second, countries export goods that use abundant and cheap factors of production and import goods that use scarce and expensive factors. According to Heckscher-Ohlin theory, international and interregional differences in production costs occur due to the differences in the supply of factors of production. Under free trade, countries export the commodities whose production requires intensive use of abundant factors and import the commodities whose production requires the scarce factors. Hence, international trade compensates for the uneven geographic distribution of factors of production. The theory gives insight to the fact that commodities are the bundles of factors (land, labour and capital). Thus, the exchange of commodities is indirect arbitrage of factors of production and the transfer of services of otherwise immobile factors from regions where factors are abundant to regions where they are scarce. The H-O theorem identifies the basic reason for comparative advantage and international trade as the different factor abundance or factor endowments among nations. Because of this particular reason, the theory is known as factor proportions or factor endowment theory. The theory postulates that the difference in relative factor endowment and prices is the main reason for the difference in relative commodity prices between two countries. Factor Endowments Factor endowment can be defined as the ratio of capital to labour (K/L). If the capital labour ratio in country 1 is greater than in country 2, then country 1 is said to be relatively capital-abundant (and labour-scarce) while country 2 is labour abundant (and capital scarce). Symbolically, this can be represented as: (K/L) 1 > (K/L) 2 Important implication of different factor endowments is for autarky prices of factors of production (the autarky prices are implied in the figure represented below). For two countries with same demand patterns, relative factor prices leads to relative factor scarcities. Country 2 will have relatively inexpensive labour and country 1 is in a position to provide relatively inexpensive (abundant) capital. Factor Intensities, Factor Abundance and Production Frontiers under H-O Model Factor Intensity Commodity Y is said to be relative capital intensive and commodity X is relatively labour intensive if the capital labour ratio used in the production of Y is higher than that of the production of commodity X. That is, (K/L) y > (K/L) x If the for the production of commodity Y, the country use 2K and 2L, then K/L = 1 and if the production of commodity X requires 1K and 4L, K/L=1/4. In this case, it can be said that commodity Y is capital intensity and commodity X is labour intensive. Factor intensity depends on K/L rather than the absolute amount of K and L. At the equilibrium points, for producing the commodities, both countries choose capital-labour ration that minimize the factor costs at the prevailing relative factor prices. The relative factor prices are represented as W=w/r where w is the price of labour and r is the price of capital. Though in principle, the factor intensities can be reversed when factor prices change. But it is assumed that this does not exist in H-O model. There is no factor intensity reversal. Factor Abundance Factor abundance can be defined in terms of two ways:1) Physical Units and 2) Relative Prices of factors. In terms of physical units, the overall amount of capital and labour available to each country is taken into consideration (that is, TK and TL). As per this definition, country 2 is capital abundant if the ratio of total amount of capital (TK) to total amount of labour available in country 2 will be greater than that in country 1. The ratio of TK/TL is important rather than total absolute amount of K and L of the countries. Country 2 may have less capital than country 2 and still there may be the capital abundant country if TK/TL in country 2 exceeds TK/TL in country 1. In terms of relative factor prices, country 2 is capital abundant if PK/PL is lower in country 2 than in country 1. As the price of capital is taken to be the interest rate, r and the price of labour is wage, w, then PK/PL= r/w. The ratio of r/w is important, not the absolute level of r or w, in determining whether a country is capital abundant or labour abundant. The first definition takes only the supply of factors into consideration, while the second considers both supply and demand factors. Factor Endowments and Production Frontiers When country 2 is capital abundant and the commodity Y is capital intensive, country 2 can produce relatively more of commodity Y than in country 1. Similarly, if country 1 is labour abundant and commodity X is labour intensive, country 1 can produce relatively more of commodity X than country 2. This situation gives a relatively flatter and wider production frontier curve for country 1 than country 2. Diagrammatic Representation of H-O Model The following figure represents the Heckscher-Ohlin model diagrammatically. As it is assumed, two countries have same tastes and preferences for demand, both the countries are represented in the same indifference map. I is the highest indifference curve that country 1 and country 2 can achieve separately in the absence of international trade. The points A and A/ represent equality of production and consumption of both countries in the absence of trade. The tangency points of A and A/ determine the no-trade equilibrium prices of PA and PA/ in country 1 and country 2 respectively. When PA The right side of the figure shows that country 1 specializes in commodity X and Country 2 in commodity Y when both countries involve in international trade. Specialization proceeds at point where country 1 achieves the point B and country 2 reaches at point B/. At these points transformation curves are tangent to the common relative price line of PB. Country 1 exports commodity X in exchange for commodity Y and consumes at point E on the second indifference curve (IC II). Likewise, country 2 exports commodity Y in exchange for commodity X and the relative equilibrium point of country 2 is point E/ which coincides with point E. In this context, it is important to note that country 1s exports of commodity X equal country 2s imports of commodity X (that is, BC=C/B/). Similarly, country 2s exports of commodity Y equal country 1s imports of commodity Y (that is, B/C/= CE). When PX/PY>PB, country 1 wants to export more of commodity X than country 2 is able to import at this high relative price, and PX/PY tends to diminish to PB, which is equilibrium and normal price. Likewise, when PX/PY At point E, more of commodity Y and less of commodity X than at the point A are involved. However, country 1 will gain from international trade because E lies on higher indifference curve (IC II). Similarly, though at E/ more commodity of X and less commodity of Y are involved compared to the point of A/, country 2 gains from the trade because E/ lies on higher indifference curve, IC II. Prepositions of H-O theorem and other empirical Studies As a connotation of H-O theorem, three other prepositions or theorems are associated: Factor price equalization theorem 2) Stopler-Samuelson theorem and 3) the Rybcsynski Theorem (Jone 2002). The Factor Price Equalization Theorem Even though the national frontiers rule out the international mobility of factors, free trade in commodities leads to reduce the disparities in demand relative to supply of factor and thus to decrease the disparities in factor returns among different countries. International free trade leads to sharing of same technology by different countries and bringing of equality of factor returns if the factor endowments are similar and sufficient quantity of commodities are produced commonly (Samuelson 1992). The Stolper- Samuelson Theorem Changes in relative commodity prices as brought by free international trade have strong effects on the factor prices or rewards. If there is no joint production, some factors may raise their rewards uncontrollably and other rewards may be lowered unambiguously. If the number of factors equals the number of commodities and production is non-joint, the relative changes in commodity prices will raise the price of any particular factor (Uekawa, 1971). The Rybczynski Theorem If there is unbalanced growth in factor supplies, it may lead to stronger asymmetric changes in outputs also. If the quantity of factors of production and commodities are evenly matched and production is non-joint, this pattern of asymmetry may pertain to growth in some factors of production (if there is given commodity prices) and may lead to the reduction of outputs. Empirical Legitimacy and Leontiefs Investigation Leontief (1953) was the first to confront the Heckscher-Ohlin model with empirical investigation. He had developed a set of data in the frame of input-output accounts for the U.S economy and he computed the amounts of labour and capital used in each industry for 1947. Likewise, he made use of U S trade data for the same year to compute the factors of production (labour and capital) used in the production of $1 million of US exports and imports. Table 1 Leontief Test (1953) Export Import Capital ($million) $2.5 $3.1 Labor (Person-years) 182 170 Capital/labour($/person) $13,700 $18,200 Each column of the table shows the amount of labour and capital required to occur $1 million worth of international trade (exports or imports) to United States in the year 1947. Firstly Leontief measured the capital and labour required for the exports from US. This estimation required the labour and capital used in each and every exporting industry and from the first row of the table, it is seen that $2.5 worth of capital was used to export worth of $1million. For labour, 182 person-years were used to produce the same exports. Taking the ratio of labour and capital, it can be said as in the third row of the table, each labourer is working with $13,700 worth of capital. Turning to the import side of the calculation, there emerged a problem non-availability of data on foreign technology. Still Leontif managed to estimate the model assuming that same technology of US used in imports. The estimation on imports (i.e., $3.1 million of capital, 170 person- years and capital-labour ratio as $18,000) indicates that capital labour ratio of imports is higher than that of US exports. But US economy is found in 1956 as capital-abundant and this appears to contradict the H-O theorem. Thus the findings of Leontief came to be called as Leontief Paradox (Learner 1995). Under the framework of H-O theorem, many explanations have been proposed for the existence of this paradox. U S and foreign technologies are not same unlike the assumption of H-O theorem. The year 1947 was not usual year as World War II has just ended As H-O model assumes, the U S was not engaged in free trade. Other Empirical Estimations of H-O model By examining the limitations of Leontief s estimation, Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas (1987) estimated the H-O model by using data on a large number of countries. It was estimated to check whether countries are net exporters of the factors of production (which are relatively abundant) as factors of production are indirectly embodied in the trade. Cline (1997) suggested a more generalized H-O model by taking into account more and disaggregated factors of production. It was recognized that factor endowments change over a period of time as the investment and technological advances occur. Concluding Remarks H-O theorem has been vehemently criticized on many grounds including in terms of its basic assumptions. Some empirical studies even questioned the validity of the theory. Despite of the many criticisms and drawbacks, H-O theory has its own merits and contributions in the theoretical history of international trade. By taking both commodity and factor prices into consideration, H-O theory provides a more and satisfactory explanation of international trade. In comparative cost theory of David Ricardo, it was pointed that comparative cost difference is the basis for international trade. But H-O theorem better explains the reasons for these cost differences in terms of factor endowments. The price equalization principle, a concomitant of H-O theorem comprehensively explains the situation which is of course, superior to the previous theories of international trade.

Analyze the research methodology

Analyze the research methodology Introduction This work has chosen two research papers to critically analyze the research methodology and method used, as well as to compare and contrast the approaches of the two papers. The first paper (refer to paper one hereafter) is to contribute the understanding of organizational culture in Turkish construction industry. A case study (Oney-Yazici E., et al, 2007) about Organizational culture: the case of Turkish construction industry was conducted to examine the cultural profile of construction organization in terms of firm type, size and age within the context of Turkish construction industry in 15 countries. The second paper (refer to paper two hereafter) is to demonstrate the situation of claims management in construction section in Egypt from contractors perspective. A questionnaire survey (Hassanein A and Nemr W, 2008) of Claims management in the Egyptian industrial construction sector: a contractors perspective was taken to discuss the issues of claim management, change of order in particular, conducting on a sample collection in construction industry companies. Research design and research question Two basic types of research methodologies are divided into quantitative and qualitative methods (Kumar, 2005). Creswell (2009) further advanced three types of designs as qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. In order to overcome the disadvantage of qualitative and quantitative research, mixed methods research emerged trying to combine or associate both forms. It involves the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to achieve greater strength of a study than using either alone (Creswell 2009). A mix method is defined by Crewell (2009) as an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms. Thus, this method can synthesize either strength or weakness of both quantitative method and qualitative method (Fellows and Liu, 2008). The research of organizational culture in paper one was conducted with questionnaire, which has Part I and Part II. Part I is mainly categorical or nominal variables (age, gender and size etc) to find out the demographic characteristics of respondents and profile of their firms. Part II comprises of questions with 1-5 Likert scale to measure the organizational culture. Paper one is therefore a straight-forward quantitative research paper, which emphasizes on the quantification the data collection and the subsequent analysis of data (Brymen 2009). The quantitative research was also defined as a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured on instrument, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statistical procedures (Creswell, 2009). The aim of paper one was to examine existing culture profile in the Turkish construction industry. Quantitative research is suitable for fact-finding based on evidence or records (Table 1, Naoum 1998). Therefore, the objective of paper one to find out the culture profile can be achieved by quantitative research. Thus it is appropriate in this case. However, if the objective is extended to further understanding as to why such a culture profile existed in Turkish construction industry, a qualitative research could be conducted with methods like interview to gather more data to comprehend the mentality behind the organizational culture, thus to supplement the finding from quantitative research since it has rich and deep data (Naoum 1998), and it places greater emphasis on understanding, rather than merely testing and verification (Ghauri Gronhaug, 2005). The objective of the paper two is to finding and improving the status of claims management in Egypt, particularly the change order claims. The research of claims management in paper two is also conducted by questionnaire but it is not the same type of quantitative questionnaire as in paper one. Rather, it has both closed-ended and open questions, hence with combination of quantitative and qualitative questions.. It was actually conducted by researcher in person as an interview, which the researcher admitted it last longer than expected due to gathering of the vast amount of information. A semi-structured interview is believed to be used in this case (Bryman 2008). The questionnaire in paper two has 7 questions. Questions 1-3 are all closed-ended and are concerned with categorical (Q1) or nominal (Q2 Q3) variables with purpose to determine the profile claims statement status in Egypt. Questions 4-7, however, are all open questions. Interestingly, question 4 in fact has three questions rather than one question for the remaining part of questionnaire. It therefore can be concluded that the research in paper two is using mixed method research because both quantitative and qualitative data are gathered concurrently and analyzed separately. It occurred to me that the concurrent embedded strategy (Creswell 2009) is used in paper two, which will be discussed later in this article. In my opinion, mixed method is acceptable to use for paper but I do not like the combination of three different questions as Question 4. These questions are concerned with procedure, communication and documentation. They are interlinked but they could be separately asked. Moreover, questions 5 is asking respondents that does the contract stipulate that all change orders must be written? It is a missed opportunity as it could ask more information from the respondents such as which version/edition of the contract they used, what are the terms and conditions related to the change orders, whether these terms and conditions require all orders to be in written form only. Data collection and sampling According to Kumar (2005), the two main types of data collection are primary data and secondary data. Literately, primary data is collected by researchers themselves and secondary data are available data from another source. In both paper one and paper two, primary data were gathered. However, data collection in paper one is purely quantitative with Likert-scale questionnaire while the data collection in paper two are for both quantitative and qualitative data with closed-end questions and semi-structured interview. In order to gather primary research data, quantitative method combining with structured questionnaire was conducted in both of the two reports. A questionnaire is defined by Kumar (2005) as a written list of questions, the answers to which are recorded by respondents. In a questionnaire, respondents read the question and then provide the answers according to the questions. It is clear that a questionnaire is less expensive and easy to understand for the respondents giving the answers. Sometimes, sensitive questions can list on the questionnaire as the respondents can answer in anonymity in less distressed way (Kumar, 2005). However, questionnaires have disadvantages including low response rate, limited to literate population only, biased self-selection of respondents, lack of opportunity to clarify questions to respondents and no allowance for spontaneous responses. As Bryman (2008) asserted that, the reason why a questionnaire belongs to quantitative method is that most of questions are structured and closed, though it can combine a few open questions. Closed-ended questions refer to possible answers are set out on the questionnaire, and the respondents ticks the best category the best describes the respondents answer, concurrently open-ended questions refers to possible answers are not given. In the case of a questionnaire, respondents write down the answers in their own words (Kumar, 2005). It is apparent that closed-ended and open-ended questions are presented in paper two of claims management. The questionnaire was formulated based on an extensive literature review of issues on claim management, change order claims in particular. Meanwhile, paper one designed a questionnaire which based on Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) with two major dimensions in which the first dimension emphasizes the organizational focus, whereas the second one distinguishes between the stability and control and the flexibility and discretion, which formulated by clan, adhocracy, market and hierarchy. All questions in questionnaire of paper one are closed-ended questions which are easier and faster to respond because all alternative answers have been given. However, lack of depth and variety could be a main disadvantage as answers were restricted in a given scope (Kumar 2005). In paper two, a semi-structured interview in person was conducted with engineers and managers who have more than 15 years working experiences. This interview was based on previous literature in order to get more evidence to examine the claim management in Egypt, change order claims in particular. Open questions in paper two, with contrast of closed-ended questions used in paper one, could get more in-depth information, and allows respondents to freely express what they intended to say (Kumar 2005, Fellows and Liu 2008). Even closed-ended questions 1-3 in paper two have provided opportunity for respondents to write down their own answers (if other specify). However, the analysis of data from open questions could be more complex and difficult because respondents can say anything. Meanwhile, the chances are that these questions could have biases from interviewees. According to Kumar (2005), sampling can be divided into probability random sampling, non-probability non-random sampling and mixed sampling design. Stratified random sampling collection was used in in paper two, and non-random judgmental sampling was employed in paper one. As Kumar (2005) and Fellows and Liu (2008) asserted that there is an equal chance of selection for each member of the population in random sampling. Stratified sampling is one of the probability random sampling and appropriate where the population occurs in distinct, groups or strata (Fellows and Liu, 2008). In CM, the sample was selected among major companies in construction industry in Egypt and seven of the main companies were collected in this research. Using stratified random probability sampling method, the inferences drawn from the samples can be generalized to the whole population (Kumar, 2005). Judgmental sampling that called Purposive sampling as well, was conducted in Organizational Culture with the crit eria of nationality, firm size and market share. Thus, 134 in 351 firms participated in the research study. In judgmental sampling, researcher can gather case and information in those people who meet requirement of the sample chosen criteria, and this sampling method is extremely useful when the researcher want to describe a phenomenon and develop something about which only is a little known (Kumar, 2005 and Bryman, 2008). However, there can be bias when the sampling was chosen. The random sampling can be influenced by human preference unconsciously. On the other hand, the sample frame may not cover all the features of the whole population. In addition, the sample can not represent all the population, so that the conclusion can only be inferred from the samplings (Kumar, 2005). In paper one, the population is the whole Turkish construction industry. The stratified random sampling were used to gathered from 826 respondents, who are working for 107 contracting and 27 architectural firms, with male/female ratio of 74.9%/25.1%. The absolute size of sample of 826 is quite impressive and is significant in terms of sample size. The male/female ratio is not balanced, however, it may be the fact that most people working in architectural/contracting industry are dominantly male. The response rate is 38.18%, with 134 participated from 351 firms contacted. The sample selection in paper two are targeting at the middle to large size contracting firms that are more then LE 50 million in industrial work turnover and LE 100 million in cumulative construction work turnover. Due to limited number of firms fall into the category, seven major companies in Egypt were chosen and 21 industrial projects from them were the sample for the research. However, the actual data collection was conducted by the interview to the senior managers in these firms, but exact number of interviewee was not revealed in the paper. Therefore, when the data analysis present the data as percentage, there is no way for reader to know exactly how many respondents chose a particular answer. My guess is there might be at least 21 respondents since there are 21 industrial projects. If the respondents is only 7 (there are 7 companies chosen), the sample would be questionable due to limited sample size. The research in paper two have omitted small contracting firms and inexper ienced site manager/site engineers. Only medium and large contracting firms and hugely experienced personnel are invited for the interview. This may paint a rosier picture than the reality. Inexperienced site manager/site engineers tend to be worse in terms of contract administration, understanding procedures, using documentation. The main aims to select sample are to achieve maximum precision in the estimates within a sample size and avoid the bias in the selection of sample (Kumar, 2005). In this case, I believe that paper one has done pretty well to using a large representative sample, while paper two, on the other hand, use a relative smaller number of interviewee and the exact number of interviewee is unknown or unspecified. Reliability and Validity Another important process in a social research is the issues of reliability and validity. Reliability means concern with the results can be retested and can get the same result, time after, time in different conditions (Fellows and Liu, 2008). In Organizational culture paper, reliability coefficients (Cronbach alpha) were calculated with 0.89 for the clan and adhocracy cultures, and 0.86 for the market and hierarchy cultures. Both values indicate good internal consistency reliability for the fairness of all culture types because values above 0.7 are considered acceptable and above 0.8 are preferable (Pallant 2007). Meanwhile, despite of the statistical data display, there is no statistical test in the survey of Claims Management paper, hence the reliability of the data is not mentioned. Validity means the integrity of the conclusions that are generated from a piece of research. It is to determine if the research question is properly answered by the research. Internal validity refers to the causality relationship and external validty criterion refers to the generalization from research findings. (Yin, 1994; Amaratunga, 2002). Both papers are trying to generalize the situation. It can be concluded that both research are valid. Data Analysis In paper one, the questionnaire consists of 6 relevant questions to key dimensions of organizational culture and each statement has four alternative statements, therefore representing 24 questions. All questions are 1-5 Likert scale, with 5 as completely true. The average score was calculated to determine the overall cultural profile of a particular firm. The results of the questionnaire carried out have been presented in table II in paper one. Independent sample t-tests and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to examine the differences of organizational culture by firm size and age. A post hoc Scheffe test was used to explore difference among subgroups. The results have been presented in table III. When it comes to firm type, independent sample t-tests was used on the overall scores of each culture types to compare architectural and contracting firms. in order to have the equal sample sizes (107 contracting firms vesus 27 architectural firms), items were randomly selected from them. An Independent sample t-test is used to compare the mean score for two different groups on same continuous variable (Pallant 2007). The research suggest that Market has more influence to Contracting firm than Architectural firm. The average score of randomly selected 32 Contracting firms is 3.37 while the 27 Architectural firms is 2.93, with t=3.849, p Comparing with Independent-sample T-test which use to compare in two groups and conditions, One-way ANOVA is used to determine whether there are significant differences in the mean scores on the dependent variables between more than two groups (Pallant, 2007). ANOVA test is based on the statistical F-test which is the ratio of the between-groups variance to the within-groups or error variance (Fellows and Liu, 2008). According to Pallant (2007), the significance of F-value indicates the evidence to reject the null hypothesis, which states that the population means are equal. In other words, the larger the F-value is, the more the independent variables influence on dependent variables. In the Table II of paper one under firm size, the value under four culture types for small and medium firms are all greater than those for large firms. Our of four culture types, three culture types have found that the difference is significant to reject the null hypnoses (p Paper one further had with k-means cluster analysis to group firms with similar cultural characteristics, together with Wards method and squared Euclidean distance. Three underlying patterns of cultural types among sampled firms were found from the results of hierarchy cluster analysis, and this formed as basis for the non-hierarchical k-means analysis. Hierarchical Data clustering algorithms care to find successive clusters with already-established clusters. To select a distance measurement is a vital step in clustering, from which how the similarity of two elements is calculated. The shape of the clusters will be influenced as as some elements may be close to one another according to one distance and farther away according to another (Huang 1998, Lu 2004). In paper two, the data from question 1 about the causes of claims are presented in Figure 1, which is a pie chart showing the percentage of various causes. The result validated with other research which indicated that change order claims is the main reason of claims in most projects while the owner factor ranked second. The result confirmed the necessity to evaluate change order claims in particular (this suggest that the research is valid in terms of the research purpose). In claims notification status related question, the results showed that notifications were tied to a contract clause in 67% of projects. But the research did admit the interviewee bias and its limitation because respondents tend to answer this question optimistically. In general claims documentation status related questions, the researcher undertook to categorize the answers into seven groups by using pattern matching for qualitative data analysis, which is one of the most desirable strategies (Yin, 1994). However, this method is under criticism for the subjective risk of interpretive discretion of the researchers (Yin 1994, Amaratunga 2002). This suggests that different researcher may group the data and interpret them differently. In change order document questions, pie chart is used again in figure 2 to highlight that documentation should be improved to better records management of the project. The research used explanation building strategy to explain and discuss the results of remaining questions. The researcher went further from these results to suggest solutions to improve change orders. In the conclusion paper, the research summarized the findings as well as the recommendations based on these findings. REFERENCE: Amaratunga D. et al, (2002) Quantitative and qualitative research in the built environment: application of mixed research approach, Work Study Vol. 51 No. 1, pp.17-31 Bryman, A. (1998) Quantity and Quality in Social Research. Unwin Hyman. Bryman, A. (2008) Social Research Methods, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Creswell, J. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage. Hassanein A and Nemr W, (2008) Claims Management in the Egyptian industrial construction sector: a contractors perspective, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management Vol. 15 No.5, pp. 456-469 Huang, Z. (1998). Extensions to the K-means Algorithm for Clustering Large Datasets with Categorical Values. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2, p. 283-304. Kumar R. (2005) Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAGE, London Lu Y, et al (2004), FGKA: A Fast Genetic K-means Algorithm, in Proc. of the 19th ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 162-163, Nicosia, Cyprus Fellows R and Liu A, (2008), Research Methods for Construction 3rd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Oney-Yazici E, et al (2007), Organizational culture: the case of Turkish construction industry, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management Vol.14 No.6, pp.519-531 Pallant J, (2007), A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS version 15 SPSS Survival Manual Third Edition, Open University Press Yin, K. (1994), Cast Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.

Is Diversity The Solution to Affirmative Action? Essay -- Equality Rac

IS DIVERSITY THE SOLUTION TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Equal employment practices, in many organizations, have been established through affirmative action programs. These programs were created by government mandate to create a fair and non-discriminatory working environment in organizations. The need for affirmative action was recognized as early as the 1940’s, as a concept, based on the racial diversity of our country. The goal was the redistribution of opportunities on the basis of race. Now as we approach the 21st century, affirmative action seems to be a dying issue, legally and otherwise. The fact still remains that we have a racially and culturally diverse population, here in the United States, and something has to take the place of affirmative action. Diversity seems to be the new concept of most public and private organizations, Many Human Resources specialist seem to believe that where there is diversity there is no need for affirmative action. In this report I will look at what affirmative action has done for us, and whe re diversity can take us. President Johnson formally created affirmative action in 1965; it initially targeted employers that held federal contracts. The originating document for affirmative action was Executive Order 11246, which mandated a race-neutral means of equal opportunity and created a level playing field for previously excluded people. Employees should be treated equally without regard for their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. With the passage of time, affirmative action received a broader definition and became the platform for women’s groups, civil rights’ groups and other minorities. The umbrella term, ‘affirmative action’, refers to a variety of highly regulated efforts used ... ... B., & Packer, A. E. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and workers for the twenty-first century. Indianapolis: Hudson Institute and Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. Source: Carson Public Library Kessler, L. L. (1990). Managing Diversity In An Equal Opportunity Workplace. National Foundation for the Study of Employment Policy, Washington D. C. Source: CSUDH Library Loden, M. & Rosener, J. B. (1991). Workforce America! Managing Employee Diverstiy as a Vital Resource. Business One Irwin, Homewood, ILL. Source: CSUDH Library Riccucci, N. M. (Spring, 1997). Cultural Diversity Programs to Prepare for Work Force 2000: What’s Gone Wrong? Public Personnel Management, 26(1). Source: CSUDH Library Sunderland, T. (1996). "Diversity in the Workplace." <http://cctr.umkc.edu/wicc/wdpaper.ht Source: CSUDH Internet 4 November 98

Baghban :: Ravi Chopra

The story starts as Raj is on the verge of his retirement and now he wants to spend more time with his family comprising of wife, children and grand-children. Raj and Pooja spend forty years together. They are very compatible. In their whole life they tried to give their sons a comfortable life. As for example when Aman needs a loan and Raj readily offers it to him even though he is retiring. He does this because he believes that his successful sons will do anything to take care of their parents. But as a matter of fact fate has stored something else for Raj and Pooja. Raj takes early retirement from the bank to spend some more quality time with his wife Pooja. They couple think that now it is their children’s responsibility to take care of them. But unfortunately none of them are actually agreeable to do so. At the time of retirement Raj has no money and that is why his children are indecisive to take their parents. The avoid eth whole case Malhotra children decide some ridiculous thing. They say that the mother would reside with Aman, who is the eldest one. They also decide that father will stay with the second son i.e. Samir. After six months, they would shift to the third and fourth sons i.e. Sahil and Nasir respectively. The reason behind taking this decision by the children was something else. They thought that their parents would never be ready to live without one another. But as Pooja requests a lot Raj could not deny them even if he does not like the whole idea of separation with Pooja. Raj eventually agrees with the decision taken by his four sons. When they go with them in their respective houses, their children as well as maids start ill-treating them. Raj and Pooja feels exhausted and wants to get rid of this loneliness. While living with the second son, Raj used to go to a cafe, run by Paresh Rawal and Lilette Dubey. They use to call him ‘couch potato’ i.e. big brother. To kill his leisure time Raj starts looking upon the cafe’s account and also writing a book on family values and thoughts. The limit of their tolerance breaks down when the sons forget their parent’s anniversary and scheduled for their parents journey to the alternate sons. Raj and Pooja meets in a place where they met at their first anniversary.

Sat Math Test

What is the probability that Scott wins? 5. Maria is 6 times as old as Tina. In 20 years, Maria will be only twice as old as Tina. How old is Maria now? 6. If a. ND c are positive numbers with a=b/ca, what is the value of c when a=44 and b=275 7. In thro figure above, all of the line segments meet to form right angles. What Is the perimeter of the figure? 8. A car going 40 miles per hour set out on an 80 miles trip at 9:00 a. M. Exactly 10 minutes later, a second car left from the same place and followed the same place and followed the same route. How fast, In miles per hour, was the second car going if it caught up with the first car at 10:30 a. M. ? 9. Five people shared a prize of $100.Each one received a whole number of dollars, and no two people received the same amount. If the largest share was $30 and the smallest share was $1 5, what Is the most money that the person with the third largest share could have received? 10. There are 12 men on a basketball tea, and In a game 5 of them play at any one time. If the game Is 1 hour long, and If each man plays exactly the same amount of time, how many minutes does each man play? 5 8 10 . A square, not shown, has the same perimeter as the quadrilateral above. . What is the length of the side of the square? 250 12. In the figure above, if AS bisects REST. What is the value of W ? 13. If it is now 1:15, what time will it be when the hour hand has moved through an angle of 100 ? ICC 14. In the figure above, rectangle ABACA has been partitioned into four triangles. If UDF= BEEF , what is the value of x+Y ? 15. Jean spent $125 for a camera and some film. The camera cost $100 more than the film. What percent of the cost of the two items did Jean spend for the camera?

Inclusive Growth of India: a Study of the Informal Sector in India Essay

Indias stockpile 1990s scotch process has vex it virtuoso of the worlds fastest cometh economies in the world. Its gross domestic product harvest-tide evaluate of approximately 9% in the remainder a couple of(prenominal) years ar historically unparalleled except by the neighbo closed chain China. With the quick growth localises, however, come clean challenges and new prosecutionions. One such intriguing question concerns the spread of the benefits of growth crossways different segments of society. To ensure that growth has been healthful distri unless(prenominal)ed, Indias Planning Commission has do comprehensive crop their explicit purpose in the eleventh five-year plan. The concept of Inclusive harvest-tide has dominated discussions crossways India.Its popularity has sparked severe discussions among politicians, economists, redress policymakers and the general public. In addition, Inclusive issue has been the focus of studies by bilateral and tetramero us aid agencies such as the UN, humanness Bank, Asian Development Bank, Foundations such as the ICICI Foundation, NGOs, and Civil Society Organizations a wish. However, Inclusive Growth should non be conf utilize with pauperism Reduction St reckongy Papers (PRSP). scorn all the attention that Inclusive Growth has received in the last few years, thither deprivations a precise and agree upon definition of the te rm.Overall, the literature is sepa sum up between two concepts whether the benefits reach the piteous and whether the benefits reach the poor proportionately more than it reaches the non-poor. By the first definition, India may gift performed quite remarkably i n the last two ten dollar bills, although the magnitude is heatedly debated. By the second definition, Indias exploit against inclusive growth gullms more lackluster. Gini coefficient indicates that income distinction in India has join on from 0. 209 in 1980-81 to nearly 0. 257 in 2005-06 two at an b oilers suit take as easily in almost all f the states both for urban and pastoral atomic number 18as .There ar evidences suggesting that growth in the lower income states is relatively slighter than the growth in high income states. Not only this, but studies make up rendern that the rising disparity is overly rescue at an intra-state train too. To address these challenges way knocked reveal(p) forward, evidence suggests that in that location atomic number 18 a number of macro and micro level interventions that are p all everyplacety reducing and th us conducive to Inclusive Growth. At macro level, there is little interrogative to the highest degree the usefulness of the augmented majuscule Consensus (Rodrik, 2006).At micro level, evidence suggests that improving the following factors entrust help promote poverty reduction reduction of inequality, not limited to income inequality, gateway to public radix and services peculiarly health and culture, ac cess to markets, accountability and voice, hot governance, and the role of civil society organizations, women empowerment. Inclusive growth gutter as well as be studied as a clash between the promiscuous as the established firmament. Various literatures are available in the following background by noted economists and policy makers.A firm stand to improve the con boldnessrateness of the thrift is subsided in the entrepreneurship area of the verdant, which holds grand potency. The Indian miserliness today boasts of numerous magnificent opportunities but sadly enough, not galore(postnominal) of them are fully utilized. The entrepreneurship depend of the country epitomizes such a condition. loosening of saving started by the PV Narasimha Rao government in 1991 and the Information Technology boom of the mid(prenominal) and late 90? s confuse ushered in marvellous changes and set the introduce for a wave of entrepreneurship taking India by storm.The capacity of I ndians for entrepreneurship is substantial. However, the society and government contribute not been in truth encouraging towards entrepreneurship in India. The rankings of India support also been deteriorating in the new-made years. From a rank of 2 in the field of Total Entrepreneurship Activity (TEA) match to the globose Entrepreneurship Monitoring Reports, Indias line has been slipping ever since and has reached a level rather close to the world average. In spite of the short flood tides, it ranked ninth in the survey of entrepreneurial countries by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM).India ranks the highest among a group of countries in n ecessitybased entrepreneurship, which is associated with developing countries. Conversely, it ranks fifth from the buttocks in opportunity -based entrepreneurship. Indians have entrepreneurial capacity. However the society and government are not very encoura ging towards entrepreneurship. To a colossal extent, the Indian society is ri sk averse. mint usually fall uponk secure and desire -term workplace, such as government jobs.The somatogenic theme needs to be improved. friendly Attitudes, lack of jacket, inadequa te physical foundation and lack of government upport are major factors of hindrance. fleck the growth trends of India and China are similar, both had initiated different policies in their approaches. While China was mostly growing on FDIs, India was b uilding a rather self-sustaining model for growth as it intemperate on the institutions that supported private opening move by building a stronger floor for its development. The Government has encouraged entrepreneurship by providing prepare and also the facilities to succeed, particularly in the rural areas.One style of innovation that rightfully works in a country as prominent and diverse as India, is grassroots innovation this includes inventions for a environs that is quintessentially Indian. The lay- path Indian has been growing quickly in context to the global preservation. In an era of globalization, a bosom variance of 250million and rising fuel be considered a veritable gold mine. The G7 economies account for almost 67% of the global GDP at a market convince rate and this has been the scenario since 1965. Underpinning the performance of the G7, and indeed ride the global economy, is a bighearted ticker partition.The midd le some(prenominal)ize is an ambiguous companionable social classification, broadly reflecting the ability to lead a comfortable life. The affection class has play a special role in economic thought for centuries. It emerged erupt of the middle class in the late fourteenth century, a group that while derided by most for their economic materialism provided the impetus for an expansion of a large(p)ist market economy and trade between nation states. constantly since, the middle class has been thought of as the source of entrepreneurship and innovationthe small businesse s that make a modern economy thrive. center of attention class values also emphasize education, hard work and thrift. Thus, the middle class is the source of all the needed in localises for growth in a neoclassical economy new ideas, physical metropolis collection and human seat of government accumulation. The role of Asia, who accounts for entirely les s than 1/4th of the middle class population of the world, could boast of double figures of the same by 2020, accounting for about 40% of the global middle class GDP. With the exception of Japan and Oceania, Asias rapid growth has not been impelled by a la rge domestic middle class.The expansion of factors of production driving potential output has excreteed without a significant middle class. Saving and education have been willingly under taken even by poor households, in the display case of large returns to such ac tivities in a globalized world, as wholesome as by governments. Technology has been trade from abroad by co rporations done FDI, logical implication machinery and participation in global emerge chains. Thus with the American consumers retreating back after go about fears of a double absorb recession now, it suits wholesome for the emerging Asian economies like China and India to step up and fill the consumption voids.Within Asia there is significant talk of rebalancing towards domestic lease (more specifically domestic consumption) as a way of sustaining growth in the face of potentially sluggish exports. and the policy prescriptions to achieve such a rebalancing are not easy. They involve creation of a social safety net, medical insurance schemes, and better public education services. In short, Asian consumption is tied in the minds of many analysts to long -term institutional changes. given(p) the difficulties of implementing such changes, it is hard to be very confident that this rebalancing will happen in the strong suit term.The lack of inclusivity is again understandably s hown in the Indian scenario. The middle class consumption levels are far under the average global levels. There cost such disparities on the expenditure side cod to the fact that the middle class is largely inactive in this process. wretched back to the production side of the economy, the sell patience in India has been showing tremendous potential amidst the bullish growth trends of the economy as a whole. To prove this point, we see that the shrewdness of the unionised retail area in the US is about 85% while that in India is just about 8% (Velagapudi, 2011).The retail fabrication can be divided into registered as well as unregistered areas. The unregistered orbit, which usually includes all the small grocery shops, driveway vendors etc, accounts for over 93% delve force. Although as seen earlier, the value added to the SDP and consequently the GDP isnt even comparable to that by the organized field. The initial target is to bring the theatrical role of the organiz ed vault of heaven to 9-10%. sell attention is also the 2 nd largest commerce provider in India after agriculture.The sixth sense of organized retail will happen much faster in the coming decade, even in tier up and tier 3 cities, because of the ever-changing demographic s of our population and a healthy rate of economic growth. With good underlying economic growth, increase in disposable income, increased awareness due to penetration of wideband and mobile devices with internet accessibility, the demand for consumer goods will rise. With better systems and processes in place, all this is ensnare to assist in increasing the penetration of the organized retail sector in India. The organized retail market in India is evaluate to grow to 14-18% by 2015 of the entireness retail market in India from 8% in 2008.Its value is estimated to be well-nigh US$450 one thousand million by 2015 (Mckinsey Reports). The BMI India Retail Report for the first quarter of 2011 forecasts that t he wide retail sales will grow to US$ 674. 37 billion by 2014, from US$ 392. 63 billion in 2011. The growing wealth with the middle-class in India, the population size and the big element of population being in 30s, makes immense possibilities for entrepreneurial growth in the retail sector. Some of the fastest growing segments of this industry are food & beverages, electronics and apparels.The consumer electronics segment is pass judgment to grow at about 55% between 2011-2014, with most of the growth driven by demand for TVs, mobile devices and laptops and desktops. With changing lifestyles and habits, food segment is also expected to double to US$ 150 billion by 2025. Inclusive Growth A Review of Literature This air division is a review section of the disproportionality between the registered and the unregistered manufacturing secto rs. The causes that have been suggested by various authors through their studies have been put forward with an film to assemble and study the r egistered as well as the unregistered sector thoroughly.The section starts off with the causes of differentiatio n between the registered as well as the unregistered sector and their differences in productivity , followed by how a thrust can propel the unregistered sector into the registered sector. This is followed by literature about the function scenario in India for both the sectors and how there exists a large disproportionality. Finally the section ends with a study of the registered manufacturing sector and a study on the role of infra complex body part in the economic developments.The growing deviance between the i n perfunctory and the formal sectors, especially in the manufacturing sector can be seen as one of the major causes for lack of inclusive growth in the country. The composition by Goldar, Mitra and Kumari shows us useful evidences regarding the same. The paper claims that the economic reforms of 1991 had a negative meeting on the informal sector since import r estrictions had been removed and the informal manufacturing sector started facing even more stringent arguing from producers whose products were of a better qu ality.It shows evidences that the value added by the informal nonagricultural sector kept on giving uping even though the workout rate increased from 76% in 1983 to 83% in 1999-2000, thus exhibiting a downward trend in productivity. entropy-based data study suggests that the growth of art in the informal manufacturing sector has always been higher than the appointment growth rate of the sum manufacturing sector (3. 3% over 3. 1% in 1961-87) which includes the period of idle Growth in the 1980s where the study rate of the organized manufacturing sector was -0. %per anum.But when it comes to value added, the informal sector lags behind, which is the fountainhead cause of serious concern of the Indian economy. Data trends show us that post liberalization, the value added by the informal manufacturing sector fell fro m 6. 1% (1980 -90) to 4. 89%(1990-2005). In this context, a paper by Sreepriya S. lays accent on the development of the informal sector and how government policy measures should be taken to increa se the productivity of the sector.The paper points out that in an economy which is crunch huge and is developing, the significance of the small -scale sector which is less capital intensive and interprets handicraft for over 86% of the manpower of the country is of utmost importance. The informal sector constitutes a major dowry of the small sector industries in the manufacturing sector. The problem lies in the fact that 86% of the workforce only adds on 25% value to the economy, 20. 5% of the fixed capital and 16. 9% of the total output produced.A particular significant result in this context can be seen in the agricultural sector. A study by the NSSO shows us that even in 2009-10 near 67% of the rural population as well as 6. 7% of the urban populat ion is dependent on the agric ultural sector even though it contributes to only 14% of the GDP. This further enhances the stand on the outfit disparity amongst the distribution of income amongst the population. In a paper by Maiti & Mitra ( January 2011), the proposition is put forward that since the informal sector only caters to the local and regional demands and with ubstantial exposure to education and technical skills, the producers in the informal sector will be elevated to the formal level.With this perspective, the paper looks into the supply push component of the informal sector across Indian states. But a paper by Chowdhury (EPW August 2011) on the employment structure of India suggests that that there has been a decline in the proletariat force participation rate (LFPR) for both rural and urban women in the NSSO surveys of 2004-05. This, he concluded, was due to the increased pursuit in attaining education for the women were the cause of the fall in LFPR.Similar is the story for the behindhand gr o wth in LFPR for women through 2004-05 and 200910. But this explanation does not adequately relieve the employment scenario of the country. This is because the gap created by the fall in employment of the age group 15-24 due to the desire of attainment of education should have been filled up by the former(a) age divisions. This brings forth the point that in order to attain inclusive growth the employment structure needs to be structured on stronger grounds so as to accommodate the growth as well as the metamor phosis of the informal sector.an different(prenominal) interesting paper by genus Rana Hasan shows how the Indian employment scenario is condensed in any small or large enterprises where the medium enterprises lose out completely. He suggests that the formal sector with la rge enterprises offers better perks and incentives but the layoff risks are much higher resulting in lesser job security. While in the case of the unregistered sector, it accounts for most of the total m anufacturing employment. This contradiction, he explained, is due to the push regulations which are in place within the country.A strong urge here is made to liberalize the labor market finally. Hasan used empirical and statistical data to show that 85% of the workforce of India is working in firms with a total workforce of less than 50. This suggests a strong implication that large enterprises are more productive and be more to their workforce (as per statistics). Thus the controller of the work force in littler informal sectors suggests that most of the workforce has to lenify for a low wages as per comparisons.Rana uses the concept of economies of scale to explain the problem of the missing middle. He shows as to how the highly productive large sectors are usually more capital intensive, maintaining a very low labor to capital ratio while the other traditional industries like textiles is more labor intensive. Hence since the textile industry employment rate is 12times more th an that of the automobile industry it has a significant claim on the total emp loyment structure of the economy.As our economy is more dominated by industries like the textile industry rather than capital intensive automobile industry, we can see why the middle economy is take over undeveloped. A study by cony &Kalita shows empirical evidences regarding the context of inclusivity of growth in the registered sector. The paper addresses the issue of declining labor devotion in Indias organized manufacturing in order to understand the constraints on employment contemporaries in the labor intensive sectors.Using primary survey data covering 252 labor intensive manufacturingexporting firms across five sectorsapparel, leather, gems and jewelry, sports goods, and bicycles for 2005-06, they attempted to find out the factors which constrain employment generation in labor intensive firms. Their study shows several constraints in the path of employment generation in labo r intensive sector snon-availability of accomplished skilled workers, infrastructure bottlenecks, low levels of investment, labor rules and regulations, and a noncompetitive export orientation.They also shed light on the decade of jobless growth where the economy was witnessing an increase in output and value added in the manufacturing sector but there was no increase in the employment scenario of the sector. As per statistics, only 484,000 jobs were created in the registered factory sector between 1980-90. There are many a reasons cited amongst which it can be considered that perhaps the difficulty in labor retrenchment post the job security regulations in 1970 which forced employers to shift to a more capital intensive mode of production.They also cited another reason as the capital deepening technique adopted by firms which increased the real cost of labor in the 1980s. Their study also points out towards the inefficiency of the economic reforms in migrating the majority of the workforce from th e unregistered sector to the registered sector. A mere(prenominal) 13% employment generation of the registered manufacturing sector after a decade of liberalization highlights the inefficiencies. This was not however the case passim the decade.As per Nagraj, the initial years of the reforms showed us a growth in the employment of the registered sector but this boom presently turned bust as the neural impulse could not be sustained in the latter half of the decade. As per statistics, most 1. 1 million people of more or less 15% of the workforce of the registered sector woolly-headed their jobs during 1995 2000. The problem of inclusive growth is again witnessed as we face a quest ion as to why the labor intensive section of the organized sector failed to generate employment potential despite good performances by some of these sectors individually.